In addition, prolonged droughts are likely to affect the number of dry well complaints and sinkholes. Our analysis showed that the current cost of implementing this method is prohibitive when compared with the cost of repairing dry wells. Years absent of frost-freeze events were identified by averaging daily minimum temperatures for each winter December through January for each year. Proc Fla State Hort Soc: Population data was obtained by census block group data for four decades , , , and for areas in and around the study area from the Florida Geographic Data Library http: These have had considerable impact on water levels in this area, resulting in the need for additional water supplies. To understand the impact of using this protection method, the occurrence of sinkholes and dry well complaints with minimum temperatures and water levels were analyzed in close proximity to strawberry farms.
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This dataset contains the location represented in latitude and longitude of the subsidence incidents and the date each incident was reported.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Consistent and reliable data recording was a problem throughout this study.
SOUTHWEST FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT LAND USE AND COVER 2011
These methods were useful in highlighting key areas where certain types of crime were clustered e. Florida is mainly composed of limestone and is prone to sinkhole development through dissolution by water [17].
Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis. Environmental Earth Sciences A total of 22 sinkholes were reported with the majority being reported over 4 days Figure 3B.
Throughout the time scale of this study, Florida has experienced several droughts that sswfwmd National Center for Biotechnology InformationU. Initial analysis of the water level data found that over the 25 years the most consistent records for temperature data was at the Tampa International Airport location, 23 miles east of the study site.
Subsidence has also been documented in areas where increasing quantities of water are removed for agricultural and industrial use in other parts of USA [43][44]particularly California e. In Florida, swfwm are planted in November and peak during March see [3] for timeline.
Duringa large number of dry well complaints were recorded. At this time alternative protection methods such as freeze-cloth are cost prohibitive in comparison to repairing dry wells.
Southwest Florida Water Management District
Water levels also varied during this time period with peaks occurring when levels are close to 60 ft and dropping as low as 14 ft during This study not only analyzed 2 frost-freeze events but compared those to a non-frost-freeze year as well as examined the incidence of sinkholes and dry well complaints over a 25 year time period.
His findings suggest that there is strong evidence that sinkholes may be the result of intense irrigation to protect crops. However, an advantage of utilizing this method is that the cloth can be re-used and therefore both the farmers and SWFWMD would both be faced with a high initial cost which would be substantially reduced over time.
More recently, again in Polk County FL, a large sinkhole was discovered during a routine inspection of an inactive phosphogypsum disposal stack which measured feet in diameter and extended feet below the surface [27].
Water levels dropped for 3 consecutive years reaching a low in which coincided with the highest number of recorded dry well complaints. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. The cost of repairing damages caused by sinkholes was not included since we were analyzing the cost incurred by the gix authorities. This study benefited from improved data collection since as well as the use of GIS, which were not utilized swfwdm.
SOUTHWEST FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT LAND USE AND COVER
Sometimes these sinkholes can cause extensive damage to infrastructure and homes. Although winter temperatures are mild ranging between Although, California is the largest producer of strawberries in the US, Florida is the largest producer of winter strawberries due to the mild winter climate [1]. Population data was obtained by census block group data for four decades,and for areas in and around the study area from the Florida Geographic Data Library http: Methods To analyze the link between ground water pumping during frost-freeze events and sinkhole development, the occurrence of sinkholes over a year gia period was investigated.
For this study, the majority of sinkholes and dry well complaints were found to occur within close proximity to the strawberry farms. Environ Geol Water Sci.
Point pattern analysis methods that have successfully been used to analyze patterns of crime see [34] for overview in urban swfwdm eg. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Jammal and Associates, Inc.
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